02656nas a2200325 4500008004100000245005900041210005900100300001400159490000800173520176200181653002101943653002301964653002001987653003102007653002202038100001402060700001702074700001902091700001602110700001502126700001302141700002402154700001602178700002002194700001502214700002302229700001202252700001602264856005002280 2017 eng d00aFloral scent and pollinators of Ceropegia trap flowers0 aFloral scent and pollinators of Ceropegia trap flowers a169–1820 v2323 a

Ceropegia L. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) comprises more than 200 species, all characterized by complex pitfall flowers. The deceptive flowers are myiophilous and pollinated predominantly by small flies from different families. It has been suggested that floral scent cues, that mimic food sources or oviposition sites, play an important role for attraction of target fly pollinators, and, together with morphological flower traits, explain the high functional specialization in terms of pollination by specific taxa. However, apart from two Ceropegia species, the floral scent composition and the mimicry strategies in this genus are unexplored. We tested for associations between floral scent and insect visitor and pollinator assemblages of 14 Ceropegia species. We also used nrDNA and chloroplast DNA markers to calculate a Maximum Likelihood tree and test for phylogenetic signal in scent chemistry and flower visitors/pollinators. The observed pollinators belonged to eight fly families, at least 18 genera, and 33 morphospecies, but each Ceropegia species was typically associated with only one or two pollinating fly families or genera. We detected a total of 317 floral volatiles, including aliphatic and aromatic components, terpenes, and various unknowns. Both flower visitor and pollinator patterns did not show an overall association with floral
scent chemistry. There was phylogenetic signal in flower visiting fly families and fly pollinator assemblages, but not in flower visiting fly morphospecies and overall scent chemistry. We discuss that despite the not existing correlation between pollinator and scent patterns the highly specific pollination system in Ceropegia will be explained mainly by floral scent chemistry.

10aChemical mimicry10aDeceptive strategy10aFly pollination10aPollen transfer efficiency10aScent specificity1 aHeiduk, A1 aBrake, Irina1 aTschirnhaus, M1 aHaenni, J P1 aMiller, R.1 aHash, J.1 aPrieto-Benítez, S.1 aJürgens, A1 aJohnson, S., D.1 aSchulz, S.1 aLiede-Schumann, S.1 aMeve, U1 aDötterl, S uhttps://milichiidae.myspecies.info/node/2351802736nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245011000055210006900165490000600234520197800240100002202218700001802240700001702258700002902275700001802304700001902322700002602341700002002367700001702387700002102404856008102425 2015 eng d a2296-701X00aDeceptive Ceropegia dolichophylla fools its kleptoparasitic fly pollinators with exceptional floral scent0 aDeceptive Ceropegia dolichophylla fools its kleptoparasitic fly 0 v33 a

Ceropegia species (Apocynaceae) have deceptive pitfall flowers and exploit small flies as pollinators, supposedly by chemical mimicry. Only preliminary data on the composition of flower scents are available for a single species so far, and the mimicry system is not yet understood in any species. We collected data on basic pollination aspects of C. dolichophylla, analyzed floral scent by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC/MS), identified electrophysiologically active scent components by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD), and determined compounds responsible for pollinator attraction in bioassays. We found that flowers of C. dolichophylla are visited by small flies of several taxa. Only Milichiidae and Chloropidae carried pollinaria and are, thus, pollinators. The pollen transfer efficiency (PTE) at two different sites was 2% and 4%, respectively. The floral scent was dominated by spiroacetals, mainly (2S,6R,8S)-8-methyl-2-propyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, n-tridecane, and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide. This spiroacetal and the acetamide elicited the most intense electrophysiological responses in fly antennae, and bioassays confirmed the capability of the spiroacetal in eliciting behavioral responses in pollinators. Most flies, determined as pollinators of C. dolichophylla, are kleptoparasites. They exploit insect prey of predatory arthropods as food source to which they are attracted by volatiles. 8-Methyl-2-propyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide have not been identified before as volatiles of other plants, however, they are known as insect volatiles. Both compounds occur in the venom glands of paper wasps, a potential food source for the pollinators of C. dolichophylla. We propose that C. dolichophylla shows a kleptomyiophilous pollination strategy. It mimics insect related odors to exploit the food-seeking behavior of its kleptoparasitic pollinators.

1 aHeiduk, Annemarie1 aKong, Hanghui1 aBrake, Irina1 avon Tschirnhaus, Michael1 aTolasch, Till1 aTröger, Armin1 aWittenberg, Elisabeth1 aFrancke, Wittko1 aMeve, Ulrich1 aDötterl, Stefan uhttp://www.frontiersin.org/chemical_ecology/10.3389/fevo.2015.00066/abstract00939nas a2200157 4500008004100000245013700041210006900178260001500247300001200262490000800274520040200282653001400684653001200698100002100710856005000731 2014 eng d00aChecklist of the Diptera families Acartophthalmidae, Canacidae (including Tethinidae), Carnidae and Milichiidae of Finland (Insecta)0 aChecklist of the Diptera families Acartophthalmidae Canacidae in c2014/09/19 a305-3090 v4413 a

A checklist of 29 species in the smaller carnoid families Acartophthalmidae, Canacidae, Carnidae and
Milichiidae (Diptera) recorded from Finland is presented. Tethinidae are also included as a subfamily
of Canacidae. Phyllomyza tetragona Hendel is removed from the list as no reliable records of this species
within the post-1944 borders of Finland could be found.

10aChecklist10aFinland1 aKahanpää, Jere uhttps://milichiidae.myspecies.info/node/22783