@article {23518, title = {Floral scent and pollinators of Ceropegia trap flowers}, journal = {Flora}, volume = {232}, year = {2017}, pages = {169{\textendash}182}, abstract = {

Ceropegia L. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) comprises more than 200 species, all characterized by complex pitfall flowers. The deceptive flowers are myiophilous and pollinated predominantly by small flies from different families. It has been suggested that floral scent cues, that mimic food sources or oviposition sites, play an important role for attraction of target fly pollinators, and, together with morphological flower traits, explain the high functional specialization in terms of pollination by specific taxa. However, apart from two Ceropegia species, the floral scent composition and the mimicry strategies in this genus are unexplored. We tested for associations between floral scent and insect visitor and pollinator assemblages of 14 Ceropegia species. We also used nrDNA and chloroplast DNA markers to calculate a Maximum Likelihood tree and test for phylogenetic signal in scent chemistry and flower visitors/pollinators. The observed pollinators belonged to eight fly families, at least 18 genera, and 33 morphospecies, but each Ceropegia species was typically associated with only one or two pollinating fly families or genera. We detected a total of 317 floral volatiles, including aliphatic and aromatic components, terpenes, and various unknowns. Both flower visitor and pollinator patterns did not show an overall association with floral
scent chemistry. There was phylogenetic signal in flower visiting fly families and fly pollinator assemblages, but not in flower visiting fly morphospecies and overall scent chemistry. We discuss that despite the not existing correlation between pollinator and scent patterns the highly specific pollination system in Ceropegia will be explained mainly by floral scent chemistry.

}, keywords = {Chemical mimicry, Deceptive strategy, Fly pollination, Pollen transfer efficiency, Scent specificity}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.02.001}, author = {A Heiduk and Irina Brake and Tschirnhaus, M. von and Haenni, J. P. and Miller, R. and Hash, J. and Prieto-Ben{\'\i}tez, S. and J{\"u}rgens, A. and Johnson, S. D. and Schulz, S. and Liede-Schumann, S. and Meve, U. and D{\"o}tterl, S.} } @article {23226, title = {Ceropegia sandersonii mimics attacked honeybees to attract kleptoparasitic flies for pollination}, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {26}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/10/24}, pages = {1-7}, abstract = {

Four to six percent of plants, distributed over different angiosperm families, entice pollinators by deception [1]. In these systems, chemical mimicry is often used as an efficient way to exploit the olfactory preferences of animals for the purpose of attracting them as pollinators [2,3]. Here, we report a very specific type of chemical mimicry of a food source. Ceropegia sandersonii (Apocynaceae), a deceptive South African plant with pitfall flowers, mimics attacked honeybees. We identified kleptoparasitic Desmometopa flies (Milichiidae) as the main pollinators of C. sandersonii. These flies are well known to feed on honeybees that are eaten by spiders, which we thus predicted as the model chemically mimicked by the plant. Indeed, we found that the floral scent of C. sandersonii is comparable to volatiles released from honeybees when under simulated attack. Moreover, many of these shared compounds elicited physiological responses in antennae of pollinating Desmometopa flies. A mixture of four compounds\—geraniol, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanol, and (E)-2-octen-1-yl acetate\—was highly attractive to the flies. We conclude that C. sandersonii is specialized on kleptoparasitic fly pollinators by deploying volatiles linked to the flies\’ food source, i.e., attacked and/or freshly killed honeybees. The blend of compounds emitted by C. sandersonii is unusual among flowering plants and lures kleptoparasitic flies into the trap flowers. This study describes a new example of how a plant can achieve pollination through chemical mimicry of the food sources of adult carnivorous animals.

}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.085}, author = {A Heiduk and Irina Brake and Tschirnhaus, M. von and G{\"o}hl, M. and J{\"u}rgens, A. and Johnson, S. D. and Meve, U. and D{\"o}tterl, S.} } @article {22946, title = {Deceptive Ceropegia dolichophylla fools its kleptoparasitic fly pollinators with exceptional floral scent}, journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

Ceropegia species (Apocynaceae) have deceptive pitfall flowers and exploit small flies as pollinators, supposedly by chemical mimicry. Only preliminary data on the composition of flower scents are available for a single species so far, and the mimicry system is not yet understood in any species. We collected data on basic pollination aspects of C. dolichophylla, analyzed floral scent by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC/MS), identified electrophysiologically active scent components by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD), and determined compounds responsible for pollinator attraction in bioassays. We found that flowers of C. dolichophylla are visited by small flies of several taxa. Only Milichiidae and Chloropidae carried pollinaria and are, thus, pollinators. The pollen transfer efficiency (PTE) at two different sites was 2\% and 4\%, respectively. The floral scent was dominated by spiroacetals, mainly (2S,6R,8S)-8-methyl-2-propyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, n-tridecane, and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide. This spiroacetal and the acetamide elicited the most intense electrophysiological responses in fly antennae, and bioassays confirmed the capability of the spiroacetal in eliciting behavioral responses in pollinators. Most flies, determined as pollinators of C. dolichophylla, are kleptoparasites. They exploit insect prey of predatory arthropods as food source to which they are attracted by volatiles. 8-Methyl-2-propyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide have not been identified before as volatiles of other plants, however, they are known as insect volatiles. Both compounds occur in the venom glands of paper wasps, a potential food source for the pollinators of C. dolichophylla. We propose that C. dolichophylla shows a kleptomyiophilous pollination strategy. It mimics insect related odors to exploit the food-seeking behavior of its kleptoparasitic pollinators.

}, issn = {2296-701X}, doi = {10.3389/fevo.2015.00066}, url = {http://www.frontiersin.org/chemical_ecology/10.3389/fevo.2015.00066/abstract}, author = {Heiduk, Annemarie and Kong, Hanghui and Irina Brake and von Tschirnhaus, Michael and Tolasch, Till and Tr{\"o}ger, Armin and Wittenberg, Elisabeth and Francke, Wittko and Meve, Ulrich and D{\"o}tterl, Stefan} } @inbook {22159, title = {Carnidae}, booktitle = {Brand-stof. Een inventarisatie van de entomofauna van het naturreservat {\textquoteright}De Brand{\textquoteright} in 1990}, year = {1996}, note = {228 pp}, pages = {42}, publisher = {Insektenwerkgroep KNNV-afdeling Tilbourg}, organization = {Insektenwerkgroep KNNV-afdeling Tilbourg}, type = {book section}, address = {Tilbourg}, keywords = {Carnidae, Meoneura, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura vagans, Netherlands}, url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Brake_1996_42_Carnidae.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake}, editor = {Van Zuijlen, J. W. A. and Peeters, T. M. J. and Wielink, P. S. van and Eck, A. P. W. van and Bouvy, E. H. M.} } @article {1161, title = {Ecological studies on Carnidae (Diptera) on the bird island Mellum}, journal = {Studia dipterologica}, volume = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {201-210}, type = {article}, keywords = {biology, Carnidae, coprophagous, ecology, faunistics, Mellum, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura freta, Meoneura lamellata, Meoneura vagans, necrophagous}, author = {Irina Brake} } @inbook {4292, title = {Carnidae}, booktitle = {Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschlands}, series = {Studia dipterologica, Supplement}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {138}, type = {book section}, keywords = {Carnidae, catalog, Germany}, url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Brake_1999_138_Carnidae.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake} } @inbook {4297, title = {Carnidae}, booktitle = {Die historische Dipteren-Sammlung Carl Friedrich Ketel. Revision einer zwischen 1884 und 1903 angelegten Sammlung von Zweifl{\"u}glern (Diptera) aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern}, series = {Nova Supplementa Entomologica}, number = {14}, year = {2000}, pages = {161}, type = {book section}, keywords = {Carnidae, Germany}, url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Brake_2000_161_Carnidae.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake}, editor = {Ziegler, J. and Menzel, F.} } @article {22154, title = {Carnidae}, year = {2006}, note = {Originally as "Carnidae online" at http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/carnid/ca-home.html}, url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/carnidae/content/introduction-carnidae}, author = {Irina Brake} } @inbook {22146, title = {16. Diptera, Milichiidae}, booktitle = {Biodiversity of Marganai and Montimannu (Sardinia). Research in the framework of the ICP Forests network}, year = {2012}, pages = {866-868}, publisher = {Corpo Forestale dello Stato Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversit{\`a} Forestale, {\textquotedblleft}Bosco Fontana{\textquotedblright} di Verona}, organization = {Corpo Forestale dello Stato Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversit{\`a} Forestale, {\textquotedblleft}Bosco Fontana{\textquotedblright} di Verona}, address = {Verona}, keywords = {Italy, Sardinia}, url = {http://93.62.210.78/download/sardegna/sardegna_download.htm}, author = {Irina Brake}, editor = {Nardi, G. and Whitmore, D. and Bardiani, M. and Birtele, D. and Mason, E. and Spada, L. and Cerretti, P.} } @article {21868, title = {The Carnidae from {\textquoteright}De Kaaistoep{\textquoteright}, The Netherlands}, number = {21. Apr. 2011}, year = {2011}, url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/content/carnidae-de-kaaistoep-netherlands}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {21867, title = {The Milichiidae from {\textquoteright}De Kaaistoep{\textquoteright}, The Netherlands}, number = {21. Apr. 2011}, year = {2011}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/content/milichiidae-de-kaaistoep-netherlands}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {15990, title = {Scent chemistry and pollinator attraction in the deceptive trap flowers of Ceropegia dolichophylla}, journal = {South African Journal of Botany}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, pages = {762}, chapter = {769}, abstract = {Ceropegia species (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) have pitfall flowers and are pollinated by small flies through deception. It has beensuggested that these flies are attracted by floral scent. However, the scent that is emitted from Ceropegia flowers has not been studied usingheadspace and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods. It has also been unclear whether or not the flowers are mimics of particularmodels that attract flies. In the present study, we determined the composition as well as the spatial and temporal patterns of floral scent emitted byC. dolichophylla. Furthermore, we determined the pollinators in the native (China) and non-native (Germany) range of this species, and tested thecapability of the floral scent to attract flies in the non-native range. Our data demonstrate that the floral scent, which is emitted from morning untilevening, primarily from the tips of the corolla lobes, consists mainly of spiroacetals and aliphatic compounds. Milichiid flies were commonvisitors/pollinators in the native as well as non-native range, and were attracted by floral scent in bioassays performed in the non-native range. Thecompounds emitted by C. dolichophylla are unusual for flowers, but are well known from insect pheromones and occur in the glandular secretionsof insects. The milichiid flies that visit and pollinate the flowers are kleptoparasites that feed on the prey (haemolymph or other secretions) ofpredatory arthropods, e.g. spiders, to which they are attracted by scent. Our data thus suggest that the floral scent of C. dolichophylla mimics thefeeding sites of kleptoparasitic flies.}, keywords = {China, Desmometopa sordida, Germany, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza acyglossa, Neophyllomyza sp., pollination}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Heiduk\%20et\%20al_2010.pdf}, author = {A Heiduk and Irina Brake and Tolasch, T. and Frank, J. and J{\"u}rgens, A. and Meve, U. and D{\"o}tterl, S.} } @article {15565, title = {Report on Milichiella lacteipennis (Loew) (Diptera: Milichiidae), attracted to various bugs (Hemiptera: Coreidae \& Pentatomidae)}, journal = {Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle}, volume = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {16-20}, chapter = {16}, keywords = {Colombia, kleptoparasitism, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae}, url = {http://entomologia.univalle.edu.co/boletin/3Kondo.pdf}, author = {Kondo, T. and Irina Brake and Lopez, K. I. and Korytkowski, C. A.} } @article {15493, title = {Stomosis arachnophila sp. n., a new kleptoparasitic species of freeloader flies (Diptera, Milichiidae)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {50}, year = {2010}, month = {[2010.06.30]}, pages = {91-96}, keywords = {Australia, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, original species description, Stomosis arachnophila}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.50.505}, url = {http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/view/505/471}, author = {Irina Brake and Tschirnhaus, M. von} } @article {15448, title = {The type material of Milichiidae and Carnidae (Insecta: Diptera: Schizophora) in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien}, journal = {Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, B}, volume = {110}, year = {2009}, month = {April 2009}, pages = {67-76}, abstract = {The type specimens of Milichiidae and Carnidae in the Natural History Museum Vienna are listed. Lectotypes are designated for Phyllomyza epitacta HENDEL, 1914, Milichia integra BECKER, 1922, and Pholeomyia longifacies HENDEL, 1933. Additionally, Madiza palpalia WAHLBERG is considered as an unavailable name for Desmometopa discipalpis PAPP, 1993.}, keywords = {Aldrichiomyza agromyzina, Carnidae, Carnus eggeri, Carnus hemapterus, Carnus setosus, Desmometopa ciliata, Desmometopa discipalpis, Desmometopa singaporensis, Desmometopa sordida, Leptometopa coquilletti, Leptometopa lacteipennis, Leptometopa latipes, Leptometopa rufifrons, Madiza palpalia, Meoneura algerica, Meoneura furcata, Meoneura infuscata, Meoneura obscurella, Meoneura pectinata, Milichia decora, Milichia integra, Milichia speciosa, Milichiella argyrogaster, Milichiella bimaculata, Milichiella freyi, Milichiella hendeli, Milichiella nitida, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza leanderi, Pholeomyia anomala, Pholeomyia argyrophenga, Pholeomyia leucozona, Pholeomyia longifacies, Pholeomyia schineri, Phyllomyza epitacta, Phyllomyza equitans, Phyllomyza longipalpis, Phyllomyza lucens, Phyllomyza melania, Phyllomyza tetragona, types}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {14881, title = {Milichiidae of the Lake Kerkini region in Greece}, number = {19 January 2010}, year = {2010}, keywords = {Desmometopa discipalpis, Desmometopa microps, Desmometopa sordida, Enigmilichia, Greece, Leptometopa latipes, Leptometopa niveipennis, Leptometopa rufifrons, Madiza, Madiza glabra, Milichia ludens, Milichia speciosa, Milichiella argyrogaster, Milichiella iberica, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza acyglossa, Paramyia hungarica, Phyllomyza longipalpis, Phyllomyza securicornis, Phyllomyza sp. Sultanitsa}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/node/12233}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {11152, title = {A peculiar new species of Madiza (Diptera: Milichiidae) from Tanzania}, journal = {Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae}, volume = {55}, year = {2009}, month = {2009/09/09}, pages = {227-234}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {A new species, Madiza africana sp. n. of the subfamily Madizinae is described from Tanzania. The peculiarities of the new species are discussed.}, keywords = {Madiza africana, Milichiidae, species description, Tanzania, taxonomy}, url = {http://actazool.nhmus.hu/55/3/azh55_3_Brake.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake and Papp, L.} } @article {6832, title = {Revision of Milichiella Giglio-Tos (Diptera, Milichiidae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {2188}, year = {2009}, month = {2009/08/06}, pages = {1-166}, abstract = {

The species of Milichiella Giglio-Tos are revised and assigned to species groups revealed by a phylogenetic analysis. 69 new species are described: Milichiella abditoargentea, M. acantha, M. aeroplana, M. aldabrae, M. angolae, M. anterogrisea, M. argenteidorsa, M. argentinae, M. asiatica, M. badia, M. bella, M. bermaguiensis, M. boliviana, M. booloombae, M. breviarista, M. brevirostris, M. bruneiensis, M. cavernae, M. chilensis, M. chocolata, M. christmas, M. cochiseae, M. conventa, M. cooloolae, M. dominicae, M. faviformis, M. flavilunulae, M. flaviventris, M. formosae, M. fusciventris, M. griseomacula, M. inbio, M. jamaicensis, M. laselvae, M. lasuizae, M. longirostris, M. maculatiradii, M. madagascarensis, M. mathisi, M. metallica, M. mexicana, M. mojingae, M. mollis, M. multisetae, M. novateutoniae, M. opuntiae, M. pachycerei, M. peyotei, M. plaumanni, M. proclinata, M. pseudopuntiae, M. punctata, M. quintargentea, M. rufa, M. rugosistyla, M. rutila, M. santacatalinae, M. sculpta, M. sterkstrooma, M. striata, M. triangula, M. trisetae, M. turrialbae, M. ugandae, M. variata, M. villarricae, M. virginae, M. weejasperensis and M. zaiziksensis. Milichia aethiops Malloch is combined with Milichiella, the genus Ulia Becker is synonymized with Milichiella, five species within Milichiella are synonymized and 19 lectotypes are designated.

}, keywords = {key; phylogenetic analysis; Ulia; Milichiella; revision; species description}, issn = {1175-5326}, url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/1/zt02188p166.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {6807, title = {Field observations on Milichia patrizii ant-mugging flies (Diptera: Milichiidae: Milichiinae) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa}, journal = {African Invertebrates}, volume = {50}, year = {2009}, pages = {205-212}, keywords = {Milichia patrizii, Milichiidae, myrmecophilous, South Africa}, url = {http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Wild_Brake_2009_50_1_428.aspx}, author = {Wild, A. L. and Irina Brake} } @article {6806, title = {Milichiella lacteipennis, comprehensive catalog citations}, year = {2009}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/en/content/milichiella-lacteipennis-comprehensive-catalog-citations}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {4373, title = {Madiza nitens (Melander, 1913), new combination (Diptera: Milichiidae)}, journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington}, volume = {109}, year = {2007}, month = {2007.10.05}, pages = {798-800}, type = {article}, keywords = {combination, Milichiidae}, author = {Irina Brake} } @inbook {4268, title = {Milichiidae}, booktitle = {Brand-stof. Een inventarisatie van de entomofauna van het naturreservat {\textquoteright}De Brand{\textquoteright} in 1990}, year = {1996}, note = {228 pp Attachment Beuk\&Brake_1996_60-61_Milichiidae.pdf, page 60 is missing}, pages = {60-61}, publisher = {Insektenwerkgroep KNNV-afdeling Tilbourg}, organization = {Insektenwerkgroep KNNV-afdeling Tilbourg}, type = {book section}, address = {Tilbourg}, keywords = {Desmometopa, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Europe, Milichiidae, Netherlands, Phyllomyza, securicornis}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Beuk\&Brake_1996_60-61_Milichiidae.pdf}, author = {Beuk, P. L. T. and Irina Brake}, editor = {Van Zuijlen, J. W. A. and Peeters, T. M. J. and Wielink, P. S. van and Eck, A. P. W. van and Bouvy, E. H. M.} } @article {4280, title = {Phylogenetic aspects of Madizinae (Milichiidae)}, journal = {Fourth International Congress of Dipterology, 6.-13.9.1998, Oxford. Abstracts Volume}, year = {1998}, pages = {23}, type = {article}, keywords = {Madizinae, Milichiidae, phylogenetic systematics}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {4291, title = {Prosaetomilichia de Meijere: a junior subjective synonym of Milichia Meigen, with a phylogenetic review of the M. myrmecophila species-group (Diptera, Milichiidae)}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor entomologie}, volume = {142}, year = {1999}, pages = {31-36}, type = {article}, keywords = {combination, Milichia, Milichia brevirostris, Milichia myrmecophila, Milichiidae, Prosaetomilichia, species description, synonymization}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Prosaetomilichia.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake} } @inbook {4292, title = {Milichiidae}, booktitle = {Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschlands}, series = {Studia dipterologica, Supplement }, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {161}, type = {book section}, keywords = {catalog, Germany, Milichiidae}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Brake_1999_161_Milichiidae.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {4295, title = {Phylogenetic systematics of the Milichiidae (Diptera, Schizophora)}, journal = {Entomologica scandinavica, Supplements}, volume = {57}, year = {2000}, pages = {1-120}, type = {article}, keywords = {morphology, phylogeny}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Brake\%2C\%202000.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake} } @inbook {4297, title = {Milichiidae}, booktitle = {Die historische Dipteren-Sammlung Carl Friedrich Ketel. Revision einer zwischen 1884 und 1903 angelegten Sammlung von Zweifl{\"u}glern (Diptera) aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern}, series = {Nova Supplementa Entomologica}, number = {14}, year = {2000}, pages = {160}, type = {book section}, keywords = {Germany, Milichiidae}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Brake_2000_160_Milichiidae.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake}, editor = {Ziegler, J. and Menzel, F.} } @article {4319, title = {Revision of Desmometopa Loew (Litometopa Sabrosky) (Diptera: Milichiidae), with descriptions of six new species}, journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington}, volume = {105}, year = {2003}, pages = {265-282}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa brachycephala, Desmometopa dolichocephala, Desmometopa flavicornis, Desmometopa glabrifrons, Desmometopa glandulifera, Desmometopa nigrifemorata, Desmometopa sabroskyi, gland, images, key, Litometopa, Milichiidae, phylogenetic systematics, revision, species description}, author = {Irina Brake and Freidberg, A.} } @article {4323, title = {Borneomyia, a new genus and two new species of Milichiidae (Diptera, Schizophora)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {627}, year = {2004}, pages = {1-8}, type = {article}, keywords = {Borneomyia, genus description, Orientalis, species description}, url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004/zt00627.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {4330, title = {Diverse Milichiella Giglio-Tos (Diptera: Milichiidae) in Miocene Dominican amber}, journal = {Insect systematics \& evolution}, volume = {37}, year = {2006}, pages = {17-26}, type = {article}, keywords = {amber, Milichiella}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Brake_Milichiella_Amber_proofs.pdf}, author = {Irina Brake} }