@article {23906, title = {{\textquoteleft}Bleeding{\textquoteright} flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) mimic wounded insects to attract kleptoparasitic fly pollinators}, journal = {New Phytologist}, volume = {239}, year = {2023}, month = {Apr-04-2023}, pages = {1490-1504}, abstract = {

Summary Kleptomyiophily, where flowers imitate wounded insects to attract \‘kleptoparasitic\’ flies as pollinators, is one of the most specialized types of floral mimicry and often involves physical trapping devices. However, the diversity of pollinators and functional floral traits involved in this form of mimicry remain poorly understood. We report a novel example of kleptomyiophily in the nontrapping flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii and explore the floral traits responsible for attracting pollinators. The pollinators, reproductive biology and floral traits (including epidermal surfaces, spectral reflectance and the composition of nectariferous petal secretions and scent) were investigated. Attractive volatiles were identified using electrophysiological and behavioural experiments. Ceropegia gerrardii was predominantly pollinated by kleptoparasitic Desmometopa spp. (Milichiidae) flies. The flower corollas extrude a protein- and sugar-containing secretion, similar to the haemolymph of wounded insects, on which the flies feed. Floral scent was chemically similar to that of injured honey bees. Four out of 24 electrophysiologically active compounds, all released by injured honey bees, were identified as key players in pollinator attraction. Our results suggest that C.\ gerrardii flowers chemically mimic wounded honey bees to attract kleptoparasitic flies and reward them with a secretion similar to the haemolymph on which they would normally feed.

}, keywords = {behavioural trap, Brachystelma, electroantennographic detection, floral scent, fly-pollination, haemolymph mimicry, honey bee mimicry, kleptoparasitism}, issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137}, doi = {10.1111/nph.18888}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.18888}, author = {Heiduk, Annemarie and Brake, Irina and Shuttleworth, Adam and Johnson, Steven D.} } @article {23588, title = {Factors affecting numbers of Musca domestica Linnaeus (Dipter: Muscidae) and some other flies breeding in poultry manure}, year = {1986}, keywords = {Milichiidae, on poultry manure, South Africa}, author = {Hulley, P. E.} } @article {23518, title = {Floral scent and pollinators of Ceropegia trap flowers}, journal = {Flora}, volume = {232}, year = {2017}, pages = {169{\textendash}182}, abstract = {

Ceropegia L. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) comprises more than 200 species, all characterized by complex pitfall flowers. The deceptive flowers are myiophilous and pollinated predominantly by small flies from different families. It has been suggested that floral scent cues, that mimic food sources or oviposition sites, play an important role for attraction of target fly pollinators, and, together with morphological flower traits, explain the high functional specialization in terms of pollination by specific taxa. However, apart from two Ceropegia species, the floral scent composition and the mimicry strategies in this genus are unexplored. We tested for associations between floral scent and insect visitor and pollinator assemblages of 14 Ceropegia species. We also used nrDNA and chloroplast DNA markers to calculate a Maximum Likelihood tree and test for phylogenetic signal in scent chemistry and flower visitors/pollinators. The observed pollinators belonged to eight fly families, at least 18 genera, and 33 morphospecies, but each Ceropegia species was typically associated with only one or two pollinating fly families or genera. We detected a total of 317 floral volatiles, including aliphatic and aromatic components, terpenes, and various unknowns. Both flower visitor and pollinator patterns did not show an overall association with floral
scent chemistry. There was phylogenetic signal in flower visiting fly families and fly pollinator assemblages, but not in flower visiting fly morphospecies and overall scent chemistry. We discuss that despite the not existing correlation between pollinator and scent patterns the highly specific pollination system in Ceropegia will be explained mainly by floral scent chemistry.

}, keywords = {Chemical mimicry, Deceptive strategy, Fly pollination, Pollen transfer efficiency, Scent specificity}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.02.001}, author = {A Heiduk and Irina Brake and Tschirnhaus, M. von and Haenni, J. P. and Miller, R. and Hash, J. and Prieto-Ben{\'\i}tez, S. and J{\"u}rgens, A. and Johnson, S. D. and Schulz, S. and Liede-Schumann, S. and Meve, U. and D{\"o}tterl, S.} } @article {23514, title = {A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Jabal Shada al-A{\textquoteright}la Nature Reserve, Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera, Insecta)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {636}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/11/24}, pages = {107-139}, abstract = {

The first list of insects of Al-Baha Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\  (KSA) was published in 2013 and contained a total of 582 species; an\  addendum to this list was published in 2015 adding 142 species and bringing the total number recorded from the province to 724 insect species representing 17 orders. The previous two studies excluded Jabal Shada al-A\&$\#$39;la Nature Reserve (SANR), so the present study in SANR, as belonging to Al-Baha Province, are complementary to the previous two. The present study presents a preliminary list of Diptera (Insecta) in SANR, with remarks on their zoogeography, and is the first of a series of planned ecological and systematic studies on different insect orders as one of the outputs of a project proposed to study the entire insect fauna of SANR. A total number of 119 Diptera species belonging to 87 genera, 31 tribes, 42 subfamilies, and representing 30 families has been recorded from SANR in the present study. Some species have been identified only to the genus level and listed herein only because this is the first time to record their genera in KSA. Fourteen of the species are recorded for the first time for KSA, namely: Forcipomyia sahariensis Kieffer, 1923 (Ceratopogonidae); Chaetosciara sp. (Sciaridae); Neolophonotus sp. 1; Neolophonotus sp. 2; Promachus sinaiticus Efflatoun, 1934; Saropogon longicornis (Macquart, 1838); Saropogon sp. (Asilidae); Spogostylum tripunctatum (Pallas in Wiedemann, 1818) (Bombyliidae); Phycus sp. (Therevidae); Hemeromyia sp.; Meoneura palaestinensis Hennig, 1937 (Carnidae); Desmometopa inaurata Lamb, 1914 (Milichiidae); Stomoxys niger Macquart, 1851 (Muscidae); and Sarcophaga palestinensis (Lehrer, 1998) (Sarcophagidae). Zoogeographic affinities of recorded fly species suggest a closer affiliation to the Afrotropical region (46\%) than to the Palearctic region (23.5\%) or the Oriental region (2.5\%). This supports the previous studies\&$\#$39; conclusions and emphasizes the fact that parts of the Arabian Peninsula, including Al-Baha Province, ought to be a part of the Afrotropical Region rather than of the Palaearctic Region or the Eremic Zone.

}, doi = {doi: 10.3897/zookeys.636.9905}, author = {El-Hawagry, M. S. and Abdel-Dayem, M. S. and Elgharbawy, A. A. and Al Dha, H. M.} } @article {23226, title = {Ceropegia sandersonii mimics attacked honeybees to attract kleptoparasitic flies for pollination}, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {26}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/10/24}, pages = {1-7}, abstract = {

Four to six percent of plants, distributed over different angiosperm families, entice pollinators by deception [1]. In these systems, chemical mimicry is often used as an efficient way to exploit the olfactory preferences of animals for the purpose of attracting them as pollinators [2,3]. Here, we report a very specific type of chemical mimicry of a food source. Ceropegia sandersonii (Apocynaceae), a deceptive South African plant with pitfall flowers, mimics attacked honeybees. We identified kleptoparasitic Desmometopa flies (Milichiidae) as the main pollinators of C. sandersonii. These flies are well known to feed on honeybees that are eaten by spiders, which we thus predicted as the model chemically mimicked by the plant. Indeed, we found that the floral scent of C. sandersonii is comparable to volatiles released from honeybees when under simulated attack. Moreover, many of these shared compounds elicited physiological responses in antennae of pollinating Desmometopa flies. A mixture of four compounds\—geraniol, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanol, and (E)-2-octen-1-yl acetate\—was highly attractive to the flies. We conclude that C. sandersonii is specialized on kleptoparasitic fly pollinators by deploying volatiles linked to the flies\’ food source, i.e., attacked and/or freshly killed honeybees. The blend of compounds emitted by C. sandersonii is unusual among flowering plants and lures kleptoparasitic flies into the trap flowers. This study describes a new example of how a plant can achieve pollination through chemical mimicry of the food sources of adult carnivorous animals.

}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.085}, author = {A Heiduk and Irina Brake and Tschirnhaus, M. von and G{\"o}hl, M. and J{\"u}rgens, A. and Johnson, S. D. and Meve, U. and D{\"o}tterl, S.} } @article {23099, title = {Nontarget arthropods captured in cue-lure baited bucket traps at area-wide pest management implementation sites in Kamuela and Kula, Hawaiian Islands}, journal = {Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society}, volume = {36}, year = {2003}, pages = {135-143}, author = {Uchida, GK and McInnis, DO and Vargas, R. I. and Kumashiro, BR and Jang, E} } @article {21815, title = {Samoan insects and related arthropods: Checklist and bibliography}, journal = {Bishop Museum Technical Report}, volume = {13}, year = {1998}, pages = {v + 121 pp}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa ciliata, Desmometopa inaurata, Desmometopa singaporensis, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae, Samoa}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Kami\%20\&\%20Miller_1998.pdf}, author = {Kami, K. S. and Miller, S. E.} } @article {15802, title = {A survey of the flies breeding in poultry manure, and their potential natural enemies}, journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {1983}, pages = {37-47}, abstract = {

The identity and relative abundance of the flies breeding in manure accumulations below caged hens in poultry houses was established at several sites in the Eastern Cape [South Africa] by regular sampling over a period of 5 mo. These flies included Musca domestica Linnaeus, Fannia leucosticta (Meigen), a species of Leptocera, Sepsis lateralis Wiedemann, species of Cecidomyiidae, 2 Desmometopa spp., a Sphaerocera species, a species of the Eristalini, Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann), Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus), Muscina stabulans (Fallen), Rhinia apicalis (Wiedemann), F. albitarsus Stein and Ophyra capensis (Wiedemann). House flies breeding in the manure are predominantly M. domestica calleva Walker, the typically outdoor subspecies. The regularly-occurring non-dipteran component of the manure fauna was a pseudoscorpion; a spider; mites, including Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli); several beetles, among them 2 spp. of Atholus, 1 of Philonthus sp., Dermestes maculatus De Geer and Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer); 2 moths, Monopis sp. and Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus; the predatory ants Dorylus helvolus (Linnaeus) and Pheidole sp. and 2 hymenopteran parasitoids, Spalangia endius Walker and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Saunders.

}, keywords = {coprophagous, Desmometopa, Milichiidae}, isbn = {0013-8789}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Hulley_1983.pdf}, author = {Hulley, P. E.} } @article {3846, title = {The Percy Sladen Trust expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M. A. Vol. 5. No XV}, journal = {Transactions of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {16}, year = {1914}, pages = {307-372}, type = {article}, keywords = {Afrotropis, Desmometopa inaurata, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Desmometopa microps, Desmometopa tristis, images, Leptometopa albipennis, Milichia superba, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiella solitaria, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza approximatonervis, Seychelles, species description; Orientalis; Java; Milichiella sumptuosa; Milichiella javana; Milichiidae}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Lamb1914-359-367-pl.pdf}, author = {Lamb, C. G.} } @article {3909, title = {XXIII. Diptera (excluding Nematocera) from the Island of Rodriguez}, journal = {Transactions of the Entomological Society of London}, volume = {1925}, year = {1926}, pages = {537-573}, type = {article}, keywords = {Afrotropis, Desmometopa inaurata, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Milichiidae}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Bezzi\&lamb_1926.pdf}, author = {Bezzi, M. and Lamb, C. G.} } @article {4223, title = {Diptera (Insecta) or true flies of the Pitcairn Group (Ducies, Henderson, Oeno and Pitcairn Islands)}, journal = {Atoll Research Bulletin}, volume = {327}, year = {1989}, pages = {1-15}, type = {article}, keywords = {beardsleyi, Desmometopa, inaurata, islands, lacteipennis, Leptometopa, Milichiella, Milichiidae, pacific, Pitcairn}, url = {http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/atollresearchbulletin/issues/00327.pdf}, author = {W Mathis} } @article {4281, title = {Milichiidae and Carnidae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) from the Arabian Peninsula}, journal = {Fauna of Saudi Arabia}, volume = {17}, year = {1998}, pages = {147-157}, type = {article}, keywords = {Carnidae; Milichiidae [Germany / Central / Faunal characteristics, Desmometopa ciliata, Desmometopa inaurata, Desmometopa interfrontalis, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Desmometopa varipalpis, Leptometopa coquilletti, Leptometopa kaszabi, Leptometopa latipes, Leptometopa nilssoni, Leptometopa rufifrons, Meoneura baluchistani, Meoneura nitidiuscula, Milichia albomaculata, Milichia pubescens, Milichiella argentiventris, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae, Phyllomyza}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Deeming_1998_147_Cyclorrhapha.pdf}, author = {Deeming, J. C.} } @inbook {4335, title = {Family Milichiidae}, booktitle = {Diptera:Cyclorrhapha III, Series Schizophora,Section Acalypterae, Exclusive of Family Drosophilidae}, series = {Insects of Hawaii}, number = {13}, year = {1980}, pages = {351-367}, publisher = {University of Hawaii Press}, organization = {University of Hawaii Press}, keywords = {biology, Desmometopa inaurata, Desmometopa singaporensis, Desmometopa tarsalis, Desmometopa tristicula, family description, Hawaii, images, key, Leptometopa beardsleyi, Milichia orientalis, Milichiella, Milichiella circularis, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiella longiseta, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza, species description}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Hardy\%20DE\%20\&\%20Deffinado_1980.pdf}, author = {Hardy, D. E. and Delfinado, M. D.} } @article {4083, title = {East African Milichiidae and Chloropidae (Diptera)}, journal = {Stuttgarter Beitr{\"a}ge zur Naturkunde}, volume = {138}, year = {1965}, pages = {1-8}, type = {article}, keywords = {Afrotropis, Desmometopa glabrifrons, Desmometopa inaurata, Desmometopa interfrontalis, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Desmometopa sordida, Litometopa, Milichia apicalis, Milichiella acrosticalis, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae, original genus description, original species description}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Sabrosky_1965_1.pdf}, author = {Sabrosky, C. W.} } @article {4127, title = {Note: _Desmometopa inaurata_}, journal = {Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society}, volume = {21}, year = {1973}, pages = {160}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, Hawaii, inaurata, Milichiidae, singaporensis}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Hardy\%20DE_1973.pdf}, author = {Hardy, D. E.} } @article {4187, title = {A Synopsis of the world species of Desmometopa Loew (Diptera, Milichiidae)}, journal = {Contributions of the American Entomological Institute}, volume = {19(8)}, year = {1983}, pages = {1-69}, type = {article}, keywords = {biology, Desmometopa, distribution, genus description, key, Milichiidae, species description}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Sabrosky_1983.pdf}, author = {Sabrosky, C. W.} }